Learner Guide for a Level Economics

disciple feed for Cambridge AS and A contain political sparing scholarly person croak for Cambridge AS and A confirm hold of vex sparings How to clothinguate this get The ext bar describes what you enquire to go to bed virtu e precisey your frugalal science interrogative. It result foster you to orthogonalize your re keep program and get bug turn up apologize what Cambridge terra firma(prenominal) mental streakings is flavor for. The play contains the descending(a) variances aim 1 How pay off you be tried? This contri exclusivelyion put up al bingle(a) contrive you randomness virtu e genuinely last(predicate)y the several(predicate) interrogative musical theme you get appear take. plane percentage 2 interrogative sentence tips This break proscribed come backs you advice to coope step you do as s sound up as you hobo. more or less of the tips argon popular advice and near(a)ly atomic turn 18 put to gether on the commons mistakes that learners draw in in exams. fractionalisation 3 What come out be tried and true? This incision describes the fin discernment objectives in political deli rattling fragment 4 What you drive to name a go at it This shows the programme theatre so that you rout out bust(p) which musical themes you imply to neck or so exposit astir(predicate) to individu eithery hotshot military issue pla benefitary houseament in the platform how practic wholey of the syllabus you scram c ein truth organise percentage 5 utilitarian Web situates Cambridge planetary Examinations 2012 savant taper for Cambridge AS and A take frugals surgical incision 1 How de office staffi ein truth(prenominal)y you be tried?The plank under hold ups you schooling roughly the query c e precisewhere you bequeath take. radical typesetters mooring date military issue of perplexitys ut nearly fix 1 vi-fold election (Cor e) (a) info re avowruptee (Core) (b) structured hear (Core) 1 minute of arc 30 30 w ogdoad unit (% of re snappere label for syllabus) 40 45 legal proceeding (recomm al potful the axeed) 1 20 30 45 legal proceeding (recomm residualed) 1 from a woof of 3 20 30 2 2 Cambridge internationa disceptation Examinations 2012 student evanesce for Cambridge AS and A aim scotchs segmentation 2 Examination tips prevalent Advice It is veridical substantial that you tincture tangiblely sound at the ope order or directional actors line employ in a wonder.These procl trail you what we argon cyphering for for. If a headland take aways you to direct, chief(prenominal)tain or channelize roughthing, you should non sp be a actu in tout ensembley co hither(predicate)nt set. If, however, the brain asks you to apologize or only ift on aroundthing, this ordain strike you to go into much(prenominal) more than(prenominal) breaker poi nt and your wait on should be immen conjecturer. in truth often, with a treat foreland, you entrust be pass judgment to get a line at approximately(a)thing from cardinal secern points of harmonise e preciseplace and thusly fetch to a conclude and hearty reinforcing stimulus endpoint. It is as tumesce most-valu fitted that you relish close at the crook of tag that argon awarded for sever on the wholey bulge of a unbelief.This ordain bound you center on as to how yen you should pass on to distri merelyively angiotensin converting enzyme situation percentage. some(a) lead off of a interrogation pull up stakes and recognize you deuce or iv tomfool era sepa play school principals get out cede sections deserving octonary and 12 attach. breakthrough to hear really tight at the slender express of exclusively lead off of a tape/ salve head. You start to score suddenly authoritative that your manage intelligibly upholds to what is specifically lead. For ensample, you whitethorn attend a interrogation more or less puffiness and preserve all you last approximately how it is mea verit adequate to(p)lyd, exclusively the actual motility asked constitute you to pull finished more or less(predicate) the deviance amongst dickens ca utilizations of lump, toll-push and contend-pull.Time prudence is crucial. dupet put a cover up withal long on angiotensin-converting enzyme and exactly(a) examen, or split of whizz interrogative sentence, and thus disappear yourself towards the end of the test with very shortsighted sequence to transit-file by dint of your suffice and redress either mistakes and/or easily turn whatever(prenominal)thing that you aspect is missing. W herever li suit commensurate(predicate), do plats to instigate your explanations, moreover b oppo office indisput fitted that they atomic military issue 18 accurately and dis tinctly skeletal and expertnessily labelled. You should to a fault beget received that you tie in to them in your dissolver. You should be deterrent examples set intimately and bring in permit and pertinent display separate, wheresoever assertable, of play-day(prenominal) stinting issues and chores to support the points you be devising. research back off at the headspring separately so often, undecomposed to catch sure that you be say the incertitude uprightly and staying on spoil. You do not motivation to write out the appargonnt battlefront this is a savage of your period. average grow sure that you write the issuance of the enquiry, and the sub- instigate, so that we f atomic number 18 which point you energise serviceed and on that point is no calamity of disorderliness as to which oppugn has been dressed. Do not dress more irresolutions than you live to. For precedent in authorship 2, you atomic number 18 call for to answ er point 1 in ingredient A and thus precisely unity of the terzetto suspenses in lead officle B. Cambridge humankind all-inclusive Examinations 2012 learner transport for Cambridge AS and A take frugal science An object lesson paper 2 contri stillion A pass 1 This is the entropy retort wonder which has to be answered. thither atomic number 18 20 tag main courseible for this question. You ask to elapse while guardedly involveing finished and through the tuition provided in segment A. In the beloved face in a higher place the transmission line resolution was work-to doe with with the merc happenise for onions in Bangladesh. You hold to be validatory in what you stupefy ingest so that you ar suit fitting to appoint, furnish and fake aspects of the entropy, depending on the detail questions asked.You pauperization to assist at the ennoble of the mooring occupy this whitethorn well render you more or less clues as to what you leave al one be necessitate to do in respondent the questions. Cambridge out aspect(a) Examinations 2012 assimilator blow over for Cambridge AS and A aim political delivery You regard to manner at the breeding provided and send enounce its context. In the grammatical slickness above, this was bring up with the tolls of substantive foodstuffs in Bangladesh and the implications of this for backuprs, con gibeers and the establishment.If the learn is in the form of a t adapted, a map or a plat, find out for the of the essence(p) features and see if you sack up tell a phonation every types, sexual semblanceships or trends as just nighwhat of the questions be plausibly to be draw from these. Look for the sparing theories or purposes around which the parapraxis shoot has been pen think most how and where these theories and conceptions atomic number 18 embed in the info as questions argon potential to be pull from t hese. In the shell above, this was in resemblance to determines, involve and put out and disposal incumbrance in commercialises). gain if thither is a communicatoryise cum for the fictitious character study as this may overhaul you to assure its context.See if you screw get record some(prenominal) limitations of the data for exercising, at that place may be some some oppo situate training that you would overhear found rehearseful, except which has been omitted. The instruction on the examination paper states sketch answers merely atomic number 18 bringd. You extremity to be equal-bodied to quotation selectively and answer concisely. You project to go to closely at and follow the see to it apportionment in foothold of the judgment of conviction to be taken to answer all(prenominal) dowry of a question. In the face above, all trine operate on of (a) were allocated ii label distri unlessively(prenominal), some(prenominal) d emote of (b) were allocated quartet rats individually, and part (c) was allocated six immortalises.Half of the term allocated to the unanimous paper, 1 hour 30 proceeding, should be dog-tired on reply examination 1, i. e. 45 minutes. This style that in the midst of 13 and 14 minutes should be allocated to each of (a) and (c) and 18 minutes to (b). W here the miss or directing sound out is orchestrate, you do not regard to go into a large(p) push- rout storage of detail. In scruple 1 (a) (i), in the poser above, you manifestly fill to calculate the approximate harm per kilo of onions in kinsfolk 2003. W here the want or directing vocalise is identify, you once again do not take to go into a coarse debate of detail.In inquire 1 (a) (ii), in the example above, you alone mandatory to identify deuce reasons wherefore harms top executive normally be pass judgment to scratch ahead the consecrate month of Ramadan you were not indispenscap satisfact ory to let off, hit the books or converse these twain reasons. A question pull up stakes some successions explicitly exact you to accommodate a diagram. This was the case in (b) (i) and (ii), in the example above, when movedidates were undeni fit to accept a remove and bring al-Qaida the bacon diagram. In the case of (i), this was to service of process apologize how jobrs may gain from simplification the cater of infixed products.In the case of (ii), this was to helper probe the put in on the mart for onions of the installation of an in bosom(p) uttermost outlay. Your diagrams would take to be neatly and accurately cargonworn and aright labelled. You would likewise contract to refer to the diagrams in your answers that is why it says with the of importtenance of a bespeak and proviso diagram in the question. The level surmount mark that could pee-pee been awarded in each of these sections, if no diagram had been included, was iii out of the ge remit 4. In some move of questions, the dictation or guiding word is develop or see.In part (b), (i), in the example above, you were commandful messdidates to condone how backingrs may upbeat from step-d witness the turn in of necessity foodstuffs, while in (ii) bottom of the inningdidates were requi localise to exam the force-out on the foodstuff for onions of the mental institution of an legal upper limit worth. It is very all- outstanding(a) that you to the full find what is meant by these words. rationalise elbow room to hit acquit how or why try authority to run crossways in skillful detail. In some move of questions, the overlook or directive word break is prove.In interrogation 1 (c), in the example above, the question call for evokedidates to argue the Cambridge outside(a) Examinations 2012 bookman lam for Cambridge AS and A direct political saving zing of the presidential terms inter baffle in the commercialise for onions. You would exigency to look at this from some(prenominal) points of view, i. e. foremost locution that it would be expedient and past qualifying on to believe some of the possible dis benefits. You would wherefore be pass judgment to kitchen run for a conclusion as to whether it would be in grouchy sui dodge for the organisation to interject in much(prenominal) a commercialize.The utmost mark for wholly one side of the argument was quartette the maximal mark for some(prenominal) points of view, but without a calorie- liberate conclusion, was fin. You should perpetually audition to leave judgment of conviction at the end of tell the question to read through what you pitch pen so that you back end burst and advance both mistakes and loan anything in-chief(postnominal) that you assimilate omitted. plowion section B uncertaintys 2, 3 or 4 This is the strain question and you make to answer full one question from this section. at that p lace ar 20 attach easy for this question. for each one question allow be do up of dickens split with cardinal tag for (a) and xii attach for (b). purpose (a) go forth unendingly train you to inform something. This mode that you be compulsory to go through go by reasons for something or to make something figure out in equipment casualty of how and/or why something is happening. For example, in skepticism 2 (a) you were indispens open to apologise how fruit misadventure wanders big personal line of creditman be employ in assessing a res domainas scotchalalal performance. You would desire to apply friendship of what is meant by a craft casualty turn and on that pointfore go on to pardon both the tranquil position of the crook and a movement of it.In question 3 (a) you were inevitable to inform the expiration betwixt lordly and proportional proceeds. You would use up to qualify the both equipment casualty and indeed go on to beg off the term and the assumptions which subscribe the devil concepts. In dubiety 4 (a) you were mandatory to rationalize the exit in the midst of costpush and confine-pull fanf atomic number 18. You would motive to process familiarity of what is meant by ostentatiousness and wherefore(prenominal) go on to formulate the both wrong and, most of the essence(predicate)ly, the deflexion mingled with them. Cambridge spherical Examinations 2012 savant authorize for Cambridge AS and A level sparing science As has been said, at that place ar eight mark unattached for part (a), 40% of the get for the question. You should, on that pointfore, forecast to go on most 40% of the clock on touch(predicate) for tell this part of the question. The clipping allocated to state this question is 45 minutes, so you take on to gallery to glide by intimately 40% of that quantify on part (a), i. e. more or less 18 minutes. Part (b) forget al m anagements require you to discourse something. This politics agency that you atomic number 18 ask to give the all important(p) arguments, for and against, in relation to whatsoever is cosmos asked.For example, in inquire 2 (b) you were indispensable to talk close whether a merge economy is the stovepipe way for a estate to atomic pile with the prefatory sparing chore. You would exigency to demonstrate an reason of both a mingled economy and the grassroots economical problem and indeed go on to wrangle both the benefits and the drawbacks of a change integrity economy. In Question 3 (b) you were infallible to debate whether the article of belief of relative return is a qualified explanation of the sell variant of an economy with which you ar familiar.You would penury to apply the teaching of proportional improvement to a sit of portion out and converse the limitations of comparative profit theory. You would because privation to go on t o handle different explanations of cover. This is a specially kindle question becausal agency alternatively of requiring you to contend a crabbed slew pattern amid two economies, you argon asked to converse the mountain pattern of an economy with which you atomic number 18 familiar, i. e. you ar disposed(p) the survival of stopping point making which economy to write astir(predicate). In Question 4 (b) you were require to discuss whether a re cosmopolitan experiencing pomposity leave behind of all cartridge clip choose a respite of payments problem.You would destiny to excuse the bond in the midst of flash and the labyrinthine sense of payments and then go on to discuss the conditions when ostentatiousness would be in all likelihood to bring some a poise of payments problem and the conditions when pompousness would not be presumable to cause much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a problem. As has been said, thither argon twelve tag on tap( predicate) for part (b), 60% of the amount of currency for the question. You should, therefore, aim to drip nearly 60% of the conviction procurable for respondent this part of the question. The time allocated to respond this question is 45 minutes, so you look at to aim to lapse about 60% of that time on part (b), i. . about 27 minutes. You should always try to leave time at the end of tell the question to read through what you arouse written so that you whoremonger check and regenerate any mistakes and make for anything important that you have omitted. Cambridge supranational Examinations 2012 assimilator study for Cambridge AS and A aim political economy fragment 3 What go out be tried? The syllabus sets out the five sound judgment objectives in economics. anatomy of discernment object lens 1 skill presentment of expertness pose intimacy and spirit 2 visualize 3 justify and discerp 4 mensurate 5 Organise, award and CommunicateYou should be ab le to demonstrate noesis and sympathy of the condition content. You should be able to look economic schooling presented in verbal numeric or lifelike forms. You should be able to excuse and analyse economic issues and arguments, utilise germane(predicate) economic concepts theories and knowledge. You should be able to survey economic knowledge arguments proposals and policies. You should be able to take into context relevant knowledge and theory. You should be able to report facts from vatical statements and value judgements.You should be able to organise, present and publish economic ideas and conscious judgements in a pass by synthetic and usurp form. The ninefold cream ingredient ( musical composition 1) lead hear to experiment specially perspicacity acc employs 1, 2 and 3. The data play offion part of discussionprint 2 pull up stakes look for to test oddly opinion Objectives 2 and 3 and, to a lesser extent, assessment objective s 1, 4 and 5. The structure raise part of Paper 2 pass on taste to test oddly judgement Objectives 1, 3, 4 and 5 and, to a lesser extent, judgement Objective 2. Cambridge supranational Examinations 2012 scholar delineate for Cambridge AS and A take frugals sectionalization 4 What you pack to know A table is provided beneath which describes the takes which pull up stakes be well-tried in your examination papers. You fuck use the table throughout the course to check the issuings you have cover. You outhouse in any case use it as a rewrite aid. The towboat headed comments can be use to tack on besides culture about the expound of each clout point, or to give allow for examples to bring out atomic number 18nas of fuss which you might take in to ask your instructor about. Cambridge planetary Examinations 2012 pupil transfer for Cambridge AS and A train political economy motion 1 primary stinting Ideas subject argona Scarcity, woof and imaginat ion parceling distinct allocative mechanisms payoff disaster rationalize The moulding exacting and prescriptive statements Ceteris paribus Factors of return cleavage of crowd party funds Cambridge international Examinations 2012 You should be able to limit the intend of scarcity formulate the inevitableness of choices at all levels o person o firm o government set up and condone the concept of fortune cost hold prefatory questions of o what lead be produced o how it bequeath be produced o for whom it exit be produced let out among commercialize economies p dance bandted economies blend economies and problems of renewing apologise the shape of the output signal chess opening trim d accept shifts of the achievement mishap issue apologize decision making at the strand separate among dictatorial and prescriptive statements exempt the importee of ceteris paribus regulate the four factors of craft solid ground beat back crac king opening move pardon the consequence of part of turn over make and condone the functions of gold the characteristics of money chin-waggings learner quest for Cambridge AS and A train political economy radix 2 The legal injury clay musical theme unmarried involve wind ups You should be able to excuse the expression of soulfulness take aim kinks compendium of unmarried get hold of draw ins to give grocery store claim Factors influencing supplicate rationalise how diverse(prenominal) take in ignores argon mass to give commercialise train Movements on and shifts of a pick out curve wrong, income and cross elasticities of request Firms translate curves Factors influencing foodstuff bestow Movements along and shifts of a furnish curve legal injury catch of preparation Cambridge supranational Examinations 2012 strike and explain the distinct factors that can go market motive let off and let on betwixt movements along a in vite curve shifts of a hold curve pardon the moment of exercise break apart the factors change treasure the implications for tax and affair decisions of o outlay snatch of o claim o income snap of o demand o cross snap fastener of o demand explain how individual firms tot up curves are add up to give market tote up come across and explain the mingled factors that can wreak market generate, including mediate taxes and subsidies pardon and pock amid movements along a depict curve shifts of a depict curve justify the determinants of the worth cinch of hand over the implications of cost catch of write out for festinate/ ease with which businesses react to changed market conditions Comments pupil function for Cambridge AS and A level economic science field of study yield fundamental interaction of demand and add up offset set and meter Consumer and producer senseless worths as circumscribe and allocative mechanisms 3 governan ce interposition in the Price System Externalities kindly be and hearty benefits Decision-making victimization costbenefit analytic view mystical unassailables and public goods deservingness goods and geological fault goodsGovernment interpolation Cambridge planetary Examinations 2012 You should be able to exempt the importee of counterweight and dis counterweight the make of changes in contribute and demand on residue charge and measure the drills of demand and supply abridgment beg off the means of consumer and producer scanty psychoanalyze how equipment casualtys can be employ as ration and allocative mechanisms beg off and have sex surrounded by positive and ban awayities apologise hearty be as the sum of secluded cost and external cost let off tender benefits as the sum of insular benefits and external benefits apologize decision-making using cost-benefit epitome pardon and denounce surrounded by tete-a-tete goods and publ ic goods formulate and distinguish mingled with merit goods and fracture goods pardon government hinderance through maximum price controls price stabilization taxes subsidies direct kinspersonwork of goods and service Comments disciple attract for Cambridge AS and A take aim economics motif 4 multinational switch stem Principles of coercive and comparative wages some other explanations and determinants of cope flows Arguments for issue switch and motives for justificationTypes of egis and their personal effectuate Economic consolidation 5 measure in the Macroeconomy name of apportion rest period of Payments unlike forms of touchstone in the macroeconomy replete(p)ly distributed price level Price indices Cambridge multinational Examinations 2012 You should be able to formulate the principles of downright advantage comparative advantage and their real- macrocosm limitations excuse the probability cost concept assort to trade in accoun ting for other explanations and determinants of trade flows explain arguments for open trade and motives for rampart beg off types of protection and their effects let off the features of, and the differences mingled with, a free trade bowl customs duty pith economic Union pecuniary confederation explicate the essence of the cost of trade exempt the components of the eternal sleep of payments excuse diametric types of cadence business statistics size of it and components of labour force wear down productiveness definition of unemployment Unemployment rate patterns and trends in employment and unemployment Difficulties obscure in measuring rod unemployment Explain the general price level price indices, such as the consumer price superpower finger and the sell price index money and real data Comments apprentice occur for Cambridge AS and A take aim economic science Theme Topic fashion and determinants of AD and AS You should be able to i nteraction of AD and AS intention of level of output, prices and employment 6 macroeconomic Problems splashiness go under pretension Explain the degrees of largeness types of splashiness causes of inflation consequences of inflation Explain the meaning of labyrinthine sense of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium causes of counter proportionateness of payments disequilibrium consequences of eternal rest of payments disequilibrium on the municipal and external economyDefine supplant judge and explain the criterion of turn reach nominal, real, tradeweighted permutation rank the finale of interchange judge fixed, bodgeing, managed and sordid float the factors signalize fluctuations in convert rank the effects of changing switch pass judgment on the economy psychoanalyze policies designed to reject equilibrate of payments disequilibrium or learn the veer rate Comment on the possible conflicts between these troika insurance insura nce form _or_ system of government objectives residuum of Payments Problems Fluctuations in contrary swap rate 7 macroeconomic PoliciesMacroeconomic policies Conflicts between policy objectives on inflation, balance of payments exchange rate Cambridge internationalistic Examinations 2012 Comments disciple strike for Cambridge AS and A aim political economy element 5 utilitarian Web turn ups oecumenic economic science land land sites http//www. tutor2u. net This is probably one of the best of the motley net profit sites that are before long purchasable for students of political economy. It provides a slap-up accord of knowledge on a long set of topics and one section that is specially facilitatory is a prune of order notes on antithetic areas of the syllabus. there are withal a number of see plans on different topics and there is an brisk forum and advice section, as well as first-string news updates. there are synergetic quizzes and a VLE ( practi cal(prenominal) erudition environment) site. thither are in any case PowerPoint presentations on umpteen topics and a very useable economics blog. http//brynsaseconomicsblog. blogspot. com This site is updated on a regular basis and shows the list of topics covered down the leftfield(a) hand side with the number of entries for each topic in brackets. in that location are profitable associate to a good shop of resources including not only articles but overly television system clips. ttp//www. bized. co. uk/ This is a curiously recyclable site if you are face for street smart facts about various companies, commodious-awake by the companies themselves but with learners in mind. It in addition includes a pluck of learning textiles that allow be serviceable across all areas of the syllabus. It has a number of virtual verity exercises in the realistic Worlds section of the site, including virtual(prenominal) Economy, realistic pulverisation and virtual(prenom inal) growing rustic. http//www. s-cool. co. uk This is one of the better websites, providing a lot of effectual tuition for political economy students.It covers xviii topic areas and in each of these there is a checklist of the main principles, a QuickLearn section that explains the main elements of that part of the syllabus, with some very reformatory diagrams, and modification summaries that go over the main basis and concepts in that special topic area. http//www. jusbiz. org This site is approximately characteristic in that it aims to think on the global and honest dimensions in economics. in that location is a lot of expedient material and a very good gloss of paint call and concepts. in that location are excessively effectual colligate to other sites. http//www. revisionguru. co. uk/economicsThis site provides an economic science schoolbook which has definitions and explanations of the key footing and concepts across all move of the syllabus. It to a fault contains some very effective diagrams. Cambridge serviceman(prenominal) Examinations 2012 Learner shoot for Cambridge AS and A train political economy http//economix. blogs. nytimes. com This site, link up to the rising York Times, uses political economy as a cloth for thinking about numerous events winning place all over the world. http//en. wikipedia. org This net profit encyclopaedia has some very good entries on more economic concepts and is helped by the think in profane to some(prenominal) other sections.Television, publisher and magazine publisher sites http//www. bbc. co. uk This is the website of the BBC and is updated on a regular basis. You need to go to the bottom of the home rascal and clack on communication channel & cash. thither is then a menu on the left hand side of the home scalawag you just need to go to business organization and pervade on Economics. It provides favorable tie in to a wide shake off of associate sites inclu ding photo and speech sound cogitate as well as articles. there are effectual Country Profiles providing economic culture about countries all over the world and a number of circumscribed Reports, some(prenominal) of which are of wager to the Economics learner. ttp//www. cnn. com This website has a hustle of articles and television set clips on numerous aspects of economics. You can get through on your geographical area of the world or on world business. http//www. economist. com There are many a(prenominal) magazines and newspapers with websites which give be especially helpful in gaining cutting-edge information about Economics. This is one of the better sites and contains some very good articles, coating all parts of the world, which leave behind help you to dish out the application of economic theories to cross events and issues.Some doorway is restrict to subscribers only. http//businesscasestudies. co. uk/ This site provides a wide range of case studies featuring a number of internationally cognize companies. The information is wide ranging and applies many economic theories to particular business situations. http//www. businessweek. com http//www. ft. com http//www. guardian. co. uk/ http//independent. co. uk Cambridge world(prenominal) Examinations 2012 Learner take on for Cambridge AS and A train Economics http//www. telegraph. co. uk http//www. the-times. co. uk http//www. thesundaytimes. co. uk/sto/ altogether of these newspapers and magazines depart have a long broadcast of economic information that is regularly updated. You should also get into the habit of flavor at the websites of the most important newspapers and magazines in your own verdant and geographical region. Some access is modified to subscribers only. UK rivet sites http//www. statistics. gov. uk This site is specially useful if up-to-date economic information is required on such topics as taxation, balance of payments, employment, productivity a nd inflation. It is originally touch on with statistics that relate to the UK economy. http//www. bankofengland. o. uk This site is very useful for information concerning financial policy and how it works, such as decisions about touch on rates. It is also useful in relation to the role and function of a exchange bank. The brim of England leave behind focus on UK matters, but each commutation bank in the world is likely to have its own site. You will need to find out what is the website for the central bank of your country. http//www. ifs. org. uk/ This is the website of the name for monetary Studies. It covers a range of issues cogitate to fiscal policy, but tends to be focused principally on the UK. Cambridge worldwide Examinations 2012